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Work safety has long been a concern as well, and where enforced, modern practices have significantly improved safety in mines. Hence, most of the world's nations have passed regulations to decrease the impact however, the outsized role of mining in generating business for often rural, remote or economically depressed communities means that governments often fail to fully enforce such regulations. Mining operations can create a negative environmental impact, both during the mining activity and after the mine has closed. The exploitation of these deposits for raw material is dependent on investment, labor, energy, refine and transportation cost. Mining materials are often obtained from ore bodies, lodes, veins, seams, reefs, or placer deposits. Modern mining processes involve prospecting for ore bodies, analysis of the profit potential of a proposed mine, extraction of the desired materials, and final reclamation or restoration of the land after the mine is closed. Mining in a wider sense includes extraction of any non-renewable resource such as petroleum, natural gas, or even water.

Ore must be a rock or mineral that contains valuable constituent, can be extracted or mined and sold for profit. Ores recovered by mining include metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, chalk, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. Mining is required to obtain most materials that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or feasibly created artificially in a laboratory or factory. Mining is the extraction of valuable geological materials from the Earth and other astronomical objects.

Mining of sulfur from a deposit at the edge of Ijen's crater lake

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